Jack M. Balkin, “Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Freedom or Expression for the Information Society.” New York University Law Review. 79 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1, (2004).
Jack M. Balkin, “Free Speech from a Meme’s Point of View.” Unpublished, on file with New York University Law Review, (2003), 8, 13.
Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere an Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. (1st MIT Press Pbk. ed. Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 1991)
R. O. Wyatt et al., “Bridging the Spheres: Political and Personal Conversation in Public and Private Spaces.” Annenberg School of Communication Departmental Papers, Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/asc papers/245, (2000).
Steve Jones, Antonio Gramsci, (London; New York: Routledge, 2006) 10.
Margaret Wetherell et al., Discourse Theory and Practice, (Sage, 2001), 78.
Al-Deen Noor et al., Social Media: Usage and Impact. (Lanham: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.), 2011.
Aaron Smith & Monica Anderson, “Social Media Use in 2018,” Pew Research Center, last modified March 1, 2018, http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/.
Kit Smith, “122 Amazing Social Media Statistics and Facts,” Brandwatch, last modified January 2, 2019, https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/amazing-social-media-statistics-and-facts/.
Wael Ghonim, “Let’s Design Social Media That Drives Real Change,” filmed December 2015 at TEDGlobal>Geneva, video, https://www.ted.com/talks/wael_ghonim_let_s_design_social_media_that_drives_real_change#t-773832.
R. E. Guadagno et al., “What makes a video go viral? An analysis of emotional contagion and Internet memes.” Computers In Human Behavior, 292312-2319. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.016, (2013)
Adam D.I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, “Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, (June 2014), 111 (24) 8788-8790; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
Henry Jenkins et al., Spreadable Media Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture, (New York; London: NYU Press, 2013), ProQuest Ebrary.
Werner G. K. Stritzke et al., “Shyness and Computer-Mediated Communication: A Self-Presentational Theory Perspective.” Media Psychology6.1 Communication & Mass Media Complete, (2004), 20
Al-Deen Noor et al., Social Media: Usage and Impact. (Lanham : The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.), 2011. 24
John B. Horrigan, “How People Approach Facts and Information,” Pew Research Center, last modified September 11, 2017, ttp://www.pewinternet.org/2017/09/11/how-people-approach-facts-and-information/pi_2017-09-11_factsandinfo_1-02/.
Adam D.I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, “Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, (June 2014), 111 (24) 8788-8790; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
Erik Brattberg and Tim Mauer, “Russian Election Interference: Europe’s Counter to Fake News and Cyber Attacks,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, last modified May 23, 2018, https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/05/23/russian-election-interference-europe-s-counter-to-fake-news-and-cyber-attacks-pub-76435.
Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene. (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
B. Wiggins & G. Bowers, “Memes as Genre: A structurational Analysis of the memescape.” New Media and Society, doi: 10.1177/1461444814535194, (2014), 6.
L. Shifman, Memes in Digital Culture, (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press 2014), 41.
An Xiao Mina, Memes to Movements: How the World's Most Viral Media Is Changing Social Protest and Power. (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2019) 41.
Ibid, 42.
R. E. Guadagno et al., “What makes a video go viral? An analysis of emotional contagion and Internet memes.” Computers In Human Behavior, 292312-2319. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.016, (2013)
Daniel Maree, “Million Hoodies and the Power of Human Connection,” filmed April 4, 2013 at TEDxFoggyBottom, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPD-vwBidXU.
Jonah Berger and Katherine L. Milkman, “What Makes Online Content Viral?” Journal of Marketing Research(JMR) 49.2 (2012): 192-205. Business Source Complete, (2015).
Adam D.I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, “Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, (June 2014), 111 (24) 8788-8790; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
Robert M. Bond et al. “A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization.” Nature489.7415 MEDLINE. (2012), 296.
Matthew Ingram, “Being connected is more of a good thing than a bad thing,” Gigaom, last modified November 30, 2014, https://gigaom.com/2014/11/30/being-connected-is-more-of-a-good-thing-than-it-is-a-bad-thing/.
Frédéric Mazzella, “How the sharing economy is strengthening human connections,” Virgin, last modified July 7, 2016. https://www.virgin.com/entrepreneur/how-sharing-economy-strengthening-human-connections
Kayla Gutierrez, “Studies Confirm the Power of Visuals in eLearning,” Shift eLearning, last modified July 8. 2014, https://www.shiftelearning.com/blog/bid/350326/studies-confirm-the-power-of-visuals-in-elearning.
“Active Learning,” Changing Minds, last modified 2019, http://changingminds.org/explanations/learning/active_learning.htm.
Lynell Burmack, Visual Literacy: Learn to See, See to Learn, 2001, http://visualteaching.ning.com.
Katherine Lynn Ryan, “Modernism’s Suicidal Impulse: Psychic Contamination and the Crowd,” University of California, Irvine, (2014).
Jessica Marshall, “Mirror Neurons,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America111, no. 18 (2014)
L. Shifman, Memes in Digital Culture, (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press 2014), 63.
Heidi E. Huntington, The Affect and Effect of Internet Memes: Assessing Perceptions and Influence of Online User-Generated Political Discourse as Media, CSU Dissertation, (2017).
Jens Seiffert-Brockmann, Trevor Diehl, and Leonhard Dobusch. “Memes as Games: The Evolution of a Digital Discourse Online,” New Media & Society20, no. 8, (2018), 75.
André Brock, “From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation,” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media56.4 (2012): 529-549. Computers & Applied Sciences Complete, (2015).
Sarah Florini, “Tweets, Tweeps, and Signifyin’: Communication And Cultural Performance On “Black Twitter,” Television & New Media15.3, (2014), 235
André Brock, “From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation,” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media56.4 (2012): 529-549. Computers & Applied Sciences Complete, (2015).
Daniel Maree, “Join The Movement-Million Hoodies for Trayvon Martin.” YouTube, Online video clip, April 7, 2012 (no longer available).
Daniel Maree, “Million Hoodies and the Power of Human Connection,” filmed April 4, 2013 at TEDxFoggyBottom, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPD-vwBidXU.
Ibid.
Krissah Thompson & Scott Wilson, “Obama on Trayvon Martin: ‘If I had a son, he’d look like Trayvon,’” Washington Postonline, last modified March 23, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-if-i-had-a-son-hed-look-like-trayvon/2012/03/23/gIQApKPpVS_story.html?utm_term=.b5934ff10db1.
Daniel Maree, “Million Hoodies and the Power of Human Connection,” filmed April 4, 2013 at TEDxFoggyBottom, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPD-vwBidXU.
Henry Jenkins, “A Meme is a Terrible Thing to Waste: An Interview with Limor Shifman,” last modified February 17, 2014, http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2014/02/a-meme-is-a-terrible-thing-to-waste-an-interview-with-limor-shifman-part-one.html?rq=meme
Daniel Maree, “Million Hoodies and the Power of Human Connection,” filmed April 4, 2013 at TEDxFoggyBottom, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPD-vwBidXU.
C. Yazdanpanah, “How Marketers Brought George Zimmerman to Jail. The Relationship Era,” [Web log post], last modified April 13, 2012, http://www.relationshipera.com/how-marketers-brought-george-zimmerman-to-jail/.
Seni Tienabeso et al., “George Zimmerman Found Not Guilty and Goes Free,” ABC Newsonline, last modified July 13, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/US/george-zimmerman-found-guilty-free/story?id=19653300.
Alicia Garza, “Black Lives Matter,” filmed April 30, 2016 at Chicago Humanities Festival, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHqlcrk_hag.
Jessica Guynn, “Meet the Woman Who Coined #BlackLivesMatter.” USA Todayonline, last modified March 4, 2015, http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/&gt
Ibid.
Danielle Groen, “Kelly Oxford gets real about anxiety, divorce and assault,” Chatelaine, last modified October 6, 2018, https://www.chatelaine.com/living/books/kelly-oxford-new-book/.
Samantha C. Thrift, ‘#YesAllWomen as Feminist Meme Event,’ Feminist Media Studies, 14(6) (2014), 1092.
Lauren Cook, “Pussyhat co-creator: Women’s March NYC an opportunity to set new tone in demands for equality,” AM New Yorkonline, last modified January 16, 2018, https://www.amny.com/news/politics/pussyhat-project-womens-march-1.16213771.
Erin Reimel & Krystin Arneson, “Here’s the Powerful Story Behind the Pussyhats at the Women’s March,” Glamour, last modified January 22, 2017, http://www.glamour.com/story/the-story-behind-the-pussyhats-at-the-womens-march.
Mattie Kahn, “The Pussyhat Is An Imperfect, Powerful Feminist Symbol That Thousands Will Be Wearing This Weekend in DC,” Elleonline, last modified Jan 17, 2017, http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a42152/pussyhat-project-knit-protest/
Carrie A. Rentschler and Samantha C Thrift. “Doing Feminism in the Network: Networked Laughter and the ‘Binders Full of Women’ Meme,” Feminist Theory 16, no. 3 (2015) 357.
Justina Kitteridge, “Girl Power: Explaining the Visual Rhetorical Strategies of Pussyhats for Protest,” Mediumonline, last modified Feb 1, 2017, https://medium.com/@justinakitteridge/pussyhats-protest-signs-a-visual-analysis-ab31d6ae2243.
Monica Davey, “At Women’s Convention in Detroit, a Test of Momentum and Focus,” The New York Timesonline, last modified October 28, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/28/us/women-convention-detroit-march.html.
Amanda Ripley, “What It Will Take for Women to Win,” Politicoonline, last modified June 16, 2017, https://www.politico.com/interactives/2017/women-rule-politics/.
Chris Snyder and Linette Lopez, “Tarana Burke on why she created the #MeToo movement —and where it’s headed,” Business Insideronline, last modified December 13, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-metoo-movement-started-where-its-headed-tarana-burke-time-person-of-year-women-2017-12.
Stephanie Zacharek et al., “The Silence Breakers,” Timeonline, Dec 2017, http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/.
Ruth Eglash et al., “The Backlash is Coming. The Global Wave of #MeToo,” The Washington Postonline. Last modified March 5, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2018/03/05/feature/the-backlash-is-coming-the-global-wave-of-metoo/?utm_term=.054896621f41.
Stephanie Zacharek et al., “The Silence Breakers,” Timeonline, Dec 2017, http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/.
Times Up, “About, History, Legal Defense Fund,” https://www.timesupnow.com.
Noga Tarnopolsky & Melissa Ethehad, “A Global Primal Scream: #MeToo,” LA Timesonline, last modified October 18, 2017, https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-global-me-too-20171018-story.html
Elisabetta Povoledo, Raphael Minder & Yonette Joseph, “International Women’s Day 2018: Beyond #MeToo, With Pride, Protests, and Pressure,” The New York Timesonline, last modified March 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/08/world/international-womens-day-2018.html.
April Glaser, “White Supremacists Still Have a Safe Space Online,” Slate, last modified October 9, 2018, https://slate.com/technology/2018/10/discord-safe-space-white-supremacists.html.
Maeve Shearlaw, “Egypt five years on: was it ever a ‘social media revolution’?,” The Guardianonline, last modified January 25, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/25/egypt-5-years-on-was-it-ever-a-social-media-revolution.
An Xiao Mina, Memes to Movements: How the World's Most Viral Media Is Changing Social Protest and Power. (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2019) 100.
60 Minutes, “Who is Brad Parscale?” CBSonline, Air date: February 27, 2018, https://www.cbs.com/shows/60_minutes/video/elHhrLFmOS2ZYFqRG68KQPAu0_aUKPKC/who-is-brad-parscale-/.
Donie O’Sullivan, “Trump’s campaign has run 4,400 ads on Facebook so far this month,”CNNonline, last modified May 25, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/24/politics/donald-trump-facebook-ads-tracker/index.html.
Priceonomics Data Studio, “We Analyzed Every Meme On The Internet,” Priceonomics, last modified April 6. 2017, https://priceonomics.com/we-analyzed-every-meme-on-the-internet/.
Vice News, “Charlottesville: Race and Terror,” https://www.facebook.com/VICEVideo/videos/852427754917176/.
A. C. Thompson, Ken Schwencke, “Hate Crimes Are Up—But the Government Isn’t Keeping Good Track of Them,” last modified November 15, 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/hate-crimes-are-up-but-the-government-isnt-keeping-good-track-of-them.
Matt Katz, “‘A Hate Contagion:’ From School Bathrooms to Parked Cars, Swastikas Surge In NY & NJ Since 2016 Election,” Gothamist, last modified January 22, 2019, http://gothamist.com/2019/01/22/swastikas_hate_crime_nyc.php?fbclid=IwAR18podadsbCqZPKa4g5QMrUMhHK3MBsAeJ9xe-XvE83xp1da7Nt997Pohw.
Know Your Meme, “Pepe the Frog” Know Your Meme, last modified 5 months ago by Matt Schimkowitz, https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/pepe-the-frog.
“Pepe the Frog,” ADL Hate Symbols database, accessed January 22, 2019, www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/pepe-the-frog.
Ibid.
Cailey Rizzo, “There’s a Gallery Show Opening in LA That’s Just About Memes,” VICEonline, last modified January 29, 2017, https://creators.vice.com/en_us/article/ez5j5a/meme-instagrams-gallery-show-in-los-angeles.
Alice Bucknell, “What Memes Owe to Art History,” Artsyonline, last modified May 30, 2017, www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-memes-owe-art-history.
Kitty Robson, “Inside The Exhibition Celebrating Meme Culture,” Hunger online, last modified July 22, 2016, https://www.hungertv.com/feature/inside-the-exhibition-celebrating-meme-culture/
Mo Johnson, “By Any Memes Necessary: This Art Exhibit Takes Feminist Internet Culture from URL to IRL,” BUSTonline, no date, https://bust.com/arts/19045-meme-art-exhibit.html.
Steven Henry Madoff, Pop Art: A Critical History(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997) p. xiv.
An Xiao Mina, Memes to Movements: How the World's Most Viral Media Is Changing Social Protest and Power(Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2019) 12.
Brassaï et al., Graffiti. (Paris: Flammarion, 2002) 16.
Jeffrey Ian Ross et al., “In Search of Academic Legitimacy: The Current State of Scholarship on Graffiti and Street Art.” The Social Science Journal 54, no. 4 (2017) 417.
Wynwood Walls, “Overview,” Wynwood Walls, last modified 2019, http://www.thewynwoodwalls.com/overview.
Jeffrey Ian Ross. Routledge Handbook of Graffiti and Street Art([electronic Resource], 2016) 468.
Naomi Rea & Javier Pes, “After Banksy’s Viral Auction Stunt, Other Collectors Wonder If Shredding Their Own Works Will Increase Their Value,” Artnet News, last modified October 8, 2018, https://news.artnet.com/market/banksy-incident-sothebys-street-artists-performance-art-debut-1367071.
Chris Harvey, “The Rise of JR: How a French Graffiti Artist With a Xerox Conquered the World,” The Telegraphonline, last modified January 6, 2018, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/what-to-see/rise-jr-french-graffiti-artist-xerox-conquered-art-world/.
Alice Bucknell, “What Memes Owe to Art History,” Artsyonline, last modified May 30, 2017, www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-memes-owe-art-history.
Luke Winkie, “Memes Have Finally Made It to the Museum,” last modified Sept. 17 2018, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/j54897/memes-have-finally-made-it-to-the-museum

Meme Samples