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    23. Ibid, 42.
    24. R. E. Guadagno et al., “What makes a video go viral? An analysis of emotional contagion and Internet memes.” Computers In Human Behavior, 292312-2319. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.016, (2013)
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    43. Daniel Maree, “Million Hoodies and the Power of Human Connection,” filmed April 4, 2013 at TEDxFoggyBottom, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPD-vwBidXU.
    44. Ibid.
    45. Krissah Thompson & Scott Wilson, “Obama on Trayvon Martin: ‘If I had a son, he’d look like Trayvon,’” Washington Postonline, last modified March 23, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-if-i-had-a-son-hed-look-like-trayvon/2012/03/23/gIQApKPpVS_story.html?utm_term=.b5934ff10db1.
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    48. Daniel Maree, “Million Hoodies and the Power of Human Connection,” filmed April 4, 2013 at TEDxFoggyBottom, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPD-vwBidXU.
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    51. Alicia Garza, “Black Lives Matter,” filmed April 30, 2016 at Chicago Humanities Festival, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHqlcrk_hag.
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    53. Ibid.
    54. Danielle Groen, “Kelly Oxford gets real about anxiety, divorce and assault,” Chatelaine, last modified October 6, 2018, https://www.chatelaine.com/living/books/kelly-oxford-new-book/.
    55. Samantha C. Thrift, ‘#YesAllWomen as Feminist Meme Event,’ Feminist Media Studies, 14(6) (2014), 1092.
    56. Lauren Cook, “Pussyhat co-creator: Women’s March NYC an opportunity to set new tone in demands for equality,” AM New Yorkonline, last modified January 16, 2018, https://www.amny.com/news/politics/pussyhat-project-womens-march-1.16213771.
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    59. Carrie A. Rentschler and Samantha C Thrift. “Doing Feminism in the Network: Networked Laughter and the ‘Binders Full of Women’ Meme,” Feminist Theory 16, no. 3 (2015) 357.
    60. Justina Kitteridge, “Girl Power: Explaining the Visual Rhetorical Strategies of Pussyhats for Protest,” Mediumonline, last modified Feb 1, 2017, https://medium.com/@justinakitteridge/pussyhats-protest-signs-a-visual-analysis-ab31d6ae2243.
    61. Monica Davey, “At Women’s Convention in Detroit, a Test of Momentum and Focus,” The New York Timesonline, last modified October 28, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/28/us/women-convention-detroit-march.html.
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    63. Chris Snyder and Linette Lopez, “Tarana Burke on why she created the #MeToo movement —and where it’s headed,” Business Insideronline, last modified December 13, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-metoo-movement-started-where-its-headed-tarana-burke-time-person-of-year-women-2017-12.
    64. Stephanie Zacharek et al., “The Silence Breakers,” Timeonline, Dec 2017, http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/.
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    66. Stephanie Zacharek et al., “The Silence Breakers,” Timeonline, Dec 2017, http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/.
    67. Times Up, “About, History, Legal Defense Fund,” https://www.timesupnow.com.
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    69. Elisabetta Povoledo, Raphael Minder & Yonette Joseph, “International Women’s Day 2018: Beyond #MeToo, With Pride, Protests, and Pressure,” The New York Timesonline, last modified March 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/08/world/international-womens-day-2018.html.
    70. April Glaser, “White Supremacists Still Have a Safe Space Online,” Slate, last modified October 9, 2018, https://slate.com/technology/2018/10/discord-safe-space-white-supremacists.html.
    71. Maeve Shearlaw, “Egypt five years on: was it ever a ‘social media revolution’?,” The Guardianonline, last modified January 25, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/25/egypt-5-years-on-was-it-ever-a-social-media-revolution.
    72. An Xiao Mina, Memes to Movements: How the World's Most Viral Media Is Changing Social Protest and Power. (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2019) 100.
    73. 60 Minutes, “Who is Brad Parscale?” CBSonline, Air date: February 27, 2018, https://www.cbs.com/shows/60_minutes/video/elHhrLFmOS2ZYFqRG68KQPAu0_aUKPKC/who-is-brad-parscale-/.
    74. Donie O’Sullivan, “Trump’s campaign has run 4,400 ads on Facebook so far this month,”CNNonline, last modified May 25, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/24/politics/donald-trump-facebook-ads-tracker/index.html.
    75. Priceonomics Data Studio, “We Analyzed Every Meme On The Internet,” Priceonomics, last modified April 6. 2017, https://priceonomics.com/we-analyzed-every-meme-on-the-internet/.
    76. Vice News, “Charlottesville: Race and Terror,” https://www.facebook.com/VICEVideo/videos/852427754917176/.
    77. A. C. Thompson, Ken Schwencke, “Hate Crimes Are Up—But the Government Isn’t Keeping Good Track of Them,” last modified November 15, 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/hate-crimes-are-up-but-the-government-isnt-keeping-good-track-of-them.
    78. Matt Katz, “‘A Hate Contagion:’ From School Bathrooms to Parked Cars, Swastikas Surge In NY & NJ Since 2016 Election,” Gothamist, last modified January 22, 2019, http://gothamist.com/2019/01/22/swastikas_hate_crime_nyc.php?fbclid=IwAR18podadsbCqZPKa4g5QMrUMhHK3MBsAeJ9xe-XvE83xp1da7Nt997Pohw.
    79. Know Your Meme, “Pepe the Frog” Know Your Meme, last modified 5 months ago by Matt Schimkowitz, https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/pepe-the-frog.
    80. “Pepe the Frog,” ADL Hate Symbols database, accessed January 22, 2019, www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/pepe-the-frog.
    81. Ibid.
    82. Cailey Rizzo, “There’s a Gallery Show Opening in LA That’s Just About Memes,” VICEonline, last modified January 29, 2017, https://creators.vice.com/en_us/article/ez5j5a/meme-instagrams-gallery-show-in-los-angeles.
    83. Alice Bucknell, “What Memes Owe to Art History,” Artsyonline, last modified May 30, 2017, www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-memes-owe-art-history.
    84. Kitty Robson, “Inside The Exhibition Celebrating Meme Culture,” Hunger online, last modified July 22, 2016, https://www.hungertv.com/feature/inside-the-exhibition-celebrating-meme-culture/
    85. Mo Johnson, “By Any Memes Necessary: This Art Exhibit Takes Feminist Internet Culture from URL to IRL,” BUSTonline, no date, https://bust.com/arts/19045-meme-art-exhibit.html.
    86. Steven Henry Madoff, Pop Art: A Critical History(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997) p. xiv.
    87. An Xiao Mina, Memes to Movements: How the World's Most Viral Media Is Changing Social Protest and Power(Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2019) 12.
    88. Brassaï et al., Graffiti. (Paris: Flammarion, 2002) 16.
    89. Jeffrey Ian Ross et al., “In Search of Academic Legitimacy: The Current State of Scholarship on Graffiti and Street Art.” The Social Science Journal 54, no. 4 (2017) 417.
    90. Wynwood Walls, “Overview,” Wynwood Walls, last modified 2019, http://www.thewynwoodwalls.com/overview.
    91. Jeffrey Ian Ross. Routledge Handbook of Graffiti and Street Art([electronic Resource], 2016) 468.
    92. Naomi Rea & Javier Pes, “After Banksy’s Viral Auction Stunt, Other Collectors Wonder If Shredding Their Own Works Will Increase Their Value,” Artnet News, last modified October 8, 2018, https://news.artnet.com/market/banksy-incident-sothebys-street-artists-performance-art-debut-1367071.
    93. Chris Harvey, “The Rise of JR: How a French Graffiti Artist With a Xerox Conquered the World,” The Telegraphonline, last modified January 6, 2018, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/what-to-see/rise-jr-french-graffiti-artist-xerox-conquered-art-world/.
    94. Alice Bucknell, “What Memes Owe to Art History,” Artsyonline, last modified May 30, 2017, www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-memes-owe-art-history.
    95. Luke Winkie, “Memes Have Finally Made It to the Museum,” last modified Sept. 17 2018, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/j54897/memes-have-finally-made-it-to-the-museum
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